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The Calvin cycle (also known as Calvin-Benson cycle or phase locking of CO 2 in photosynthesis ) consists of a series of processes biochemical taking place in the stroma of the chloroplasts of organisms photosynthetic . They were discovered by Melvin Calvin and Andy Benson of the University of California Berkeley by the use of radioactive isotopes of carbon.

During the light phase of photosynthesis, light energy is stored in simple organic molecules and unstable ( ATP ), which provide energy for the process and reducing power, ie the ability to donate electrons ( reduction ) to another molecule ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or NADPH + H + ). In general, smaller biochemical compounds (ie, those having more electrons) store more energy than the oxidized (with fewer electrons) and are therefore able to generate more work (for example, provide the energy required to generate ATP in oxidative phosphorylation ). In the Calvin Cycle are integrated and inorganic molecules converted carbon dioxide at simple organic molecules from which will form the remainder of the biochemical compounds which are the living organisms. This process can also be therefore referred to as carbon assimilation.
The first enzyme involved in the cycle and setting the CO 2 atmospheric attaching it to an organic molecule ( ribulose-1 ,5-bisphosphate ) is called Rubisco (acronym of ribulose-1 ,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase).
The transpiration is the evaporation of water in a living being . Plants and animals perspire.
In animals the sweating occurs in the skin , because it houses the sweat glands (sweat-producing glands) that produce the sweat that comes out of the pores. In mammals is the process that regulates body temperature especially in hot environments or in times of high physical activity. Sweating is a physiological process that is mainly controlled by the nervous system.
One of the few mammals that do not have pores in the skin that allow perspiration is the dog that has to evaporate the water from your tongue and starts to pant to facilitate this. Another case is that of the pig , which has virtually no sweat glands and to remove excess heat and maintain its temperature to an appropriate value, cool wallowing in the mud or water available.
In humans, excessive perspiration can be a medical problem ( hyperhidrosis ).
In plants , the water collects in large numbers to the leaves, absorbed by the roots, but the same, only a small part is used in photosynthesis . The remainder passes through the exterior in the form of steam , a process known as transpiration .

The excretion is the system by which living organisms expel the wastes that the body can not process, that are inorganic waste by which living things can not keep these substances within and systems expertise to perform this function.

The cell as well as all living things must perform the excretion . Through this process exhausts through the cell membrane substances that are not useful and toxic metabolites. Generalizing can afimarse that excretion occurs by exocytosis of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. These vacuoles formed by a lipid bilayer as the cell membrane fuse with the membrane releasing the contents that kept within the cell isolated from the cytoplasm to the external environment.
Some single-celled organisms that live in water as the Paramecium contractile vacuoles have been developed to remove excess water.

According to the hypothesis lipostática circulating levels of fatty acid free and triglycerides regulate appetite . This hypothesis also postulated that the hypothalamus is able to "measure" the amount of body fat by two hormones , the leptin and insulin . This is because it holds that both the plasma concentration of leptin, like insulin are directly proportional to adiposity. Leptin is a peptide synthesized by the adipose tissue whose functions are to suppress the appetite at the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, stimulating metabolism and to a lesser extent, inhibit insulin release. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas which has among its actions inhibit appetite. The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining the body mass at relatively constant levels based on information obtained from leptin and insulin.
There are other alternative or complementary hypothesis to lipostática, including glucostatic and thermostat.





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