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Raw Materials

The main raw materials used in the cement manufacturing process are limestone, sand, shale, clay, and iron ore. The main material, limestone, is usually mined on site while the other minor materials may be mined either on site or in nearby quarries secondary crusher. Another source of raw materials is industrial by-products. The use of by-product materials to replace natural raw materials is a key element in achieving sustainable development.

Raw Material Preparation

Mining of limestone requires the use of drilling and blasting techniques. The blasting techniques use the latest technology to insure vibration, dust, and noise emissions are kept at a minimum. Blasting produces materials in a wide range of sizes from approximately 1.5 meters in diameter to small particles less than a few millimeters in diameter. Material is loaded at the blasting face into trucks for transportation to the crushing plant. Through a series of crushers and screens, the limestone is reduced to a size less than 100 mm and stored until required. Depending on size, the minor materials (sand, shale, clay, and iron ore) may or may not be crushed before being stored in separate areas until required.

Raw Grinding

In the wet process, each raw material is proportioned to meet a desired chemical composition and fed to a rotating ball mill with water. The raw materials are ground to a size where the majority of the materials are less than 75 microns. Materials exiting the mill are called 'slurry' and have flowability characteristics. This slurry is pumped to blending tanks and homogenized to insure the chemical composition of the slurry is correct. Following the homogenization process, the slurry is stored in tanks until required. In the dry process, each raw material is proportioned to meet a desired chemical composition and fed to either a rotating ball mill or vertical roller mill. The raw materials are dried with waste process gases and ground to a size where the majority of the materials are less than 75 microns. The dry materials exiting either type of mill are called 'kiln feed'. The kiln feed is pneumatically blended to insure the chemical composition of the kiln feed is well homogenized and then stored in silos until required.

There is scarcity of natural sand due to heavy demand in growing construction activities which forces to find the suitable substitute. The cheapest and the easiest way of getting substitute for natural sand is by crushing natural stone to get artificial sand of desired size and grade which would be free from all impurities.

With shortage of quality sand for construction will need the artificial sand. The distance and the fact that the vehicles are overloaded to make it profitable for operators puts a premium on sand availability.Brief description of sand making flow

Sand making machine is used for artificial sand making purpose, and power from various minerals. It is used in fine and medium size crushing of coarse material, rocks, stones, minerals, building aggregate concrete and other material. Kefid Sand making machines are of high efficiency and high performance crushing plant, low in maintenance and low operating cost. Our high proficiency Sand making machines are designed and manufactured to produce fine quality sand with high productivity output. The final product is cubic with grounded edges. Artificial sand and aggregate is used in preparing good quality concrete for building and construction purpose, so the sand particle must be equiexed cuboidal and glommed edges.

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